Photomechanical color reproduction



June 1942} J. A. c. YULE 2,286,780

PHOTO-MECHANICAL COLOR iREPRODUCTION Filed Aug. 19, 1941 MAGENTA YELLOW, BLUEGREEN AND GRAY STEP TABLETS. (PR/ ART) ORIGINAL CREATED WITH FLUORESCENT P/GMENTS.

COLOR BALANCE OR CORRECT/ON CONTROL PATCH. CONTROL PATCH.

IN ENTOR BY WIZT IM ATTORNEY Patented June 16, 1942 UNITED STATES PATENT o rno'romzcnamcar. 001.01; nnraonuc'rron John A. C. Yule, Rochesten'N. Y., assignor to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey Application August 19, 1941, Serial No. 407,418

' 9 Claims. 01. 41-26) by ordinary reflected light and partly by fluores-' cent light caused by illuminating it with ultraviolet light.

It is a particular object of the invention to provide a method and means for testing the illumination used in the above process to determine the quality thereof, 1. e. to determine when the ratio of ultra-violet to visible light is such that correct color reproduction will be produced.

' Broadly, the object of the invention is to provide a method and means for testing any fluoroactivating light to determine whether it has certain predetermined qualities.

It is the specific object of this continuation-inpart to provide a copy board which is saleable with original paintings created with the abovediscussed fluorescent coloring materials. The artist paints such an original and mounts it on the copy board according to the present invention (which copy board has the color correction control patch and color balance control patch discussed below) and then has a combination which is saleable as a unit'to a printer for photomechanical reproduction of the original. Similarly, the copy board itself with the control patches is a saleable combination adapted to accommodate an original created with fluorescent pigments.

Thus it is the object of this continuation-inpart to provide such a copy board to be sold to commercial artists or to provide the combination of such a copy board with such a painting to be sold by an artist to a printer for accurate photomechanical reproduction of the original.

According to the invention there is provided two patches or areas one of which is fluorescent and the other of which is non-fluorescent. Incidentally, and to a slight degree, the term fluorescent is relative since some pigments fluoresce when illuminated by one wave length (one fluoroactivating band of the spectrum) and others require diflerent wave lengths to cause fluorescence. However, in general in order to test whether a given light beam is of a certain quality, 1. e. contains a certain ratio of fluoro-activating light to light of some particular non-fluoro-activating portion of'the spectrum, the two patches must have the same color only when illuminated by light of that certain quality. This means that the fluorescent patch fiuoresces in the non-fluoro-activatlng portion in question. The matching of color may extend throughout the whole visible spectrum, but since the important factor is only this particular non-fluoro-activating portion .of the spectrum, it is suflicient to have the color match only over this portion, or even a smaller portion thereof. The test is made in either of the latter cases by viewing the patches through a suitable color filter.

For example, to test whether a given light beam contains a certain ratio of green to ultra-violet,

two patches are used one of which reflects green light but is non-fluorescent and the other of which absorbs green at least partially but fluoresce s green when illuminated by ultra-violet. The patches are colored so that the reflection of green from the non-fluorescent patch matches 4 the reflection plus fluorescence of the fluorescent patchonly when illuminated by light of said certain quality. The test is made by viewing the patches through a green filter or, if they also happen to match throughout the rest of the \gisible spectrum at the same time, no filter is needed. A similar check should be made on the ratio of red to blue by using a material which fiuoresces red when illuminated with blue light and by viewing through a red filter.

In photo-mechanical work, not only is a visual check on the light quality usefulbut also the photographic effect of this quality is of primary importance as a final check. 'It is therefore desirable that the control patches not only match visually in color but also match in some way (e. g. give equal density) when measured photographically. In color reproduction the-photographic measurement is made through a primary color filter and the match in density should result for each of the primary color filters or at least for one of them.

A more general embodiment of the invention employs three or more patches only one of which is fluorescent and is adjacent to each of the others. The fluorescent patch is matched against one of the non-fluorescent patches visually and against a difierent or the same patch photographically through each of the primary color patch photographically throughone filterand so on. Any one of the non-fluorescent patches may combine two or more of these checks and I have found that two or three patches including the fluorescent one are generally suificient. It is usually preferable to have one or more of the nonfluorescent patches or areas, white.

According to an embodiment of the invention applied specifically to the process described in the above-mentioned Murray patents wherein the ratio of ultra-violet to green and blue is important, the non-fluorescent patch is white or at least reflects blue and green strongly and the fluorescent patch adjacent thereto absorbs green and blue at least partially and fluoresces these colors when illuminated by ultra-violet. These patches or areas when illuminated by light of the correct quality, match in color when viewed through either a green or a blue filter and match in density when photographed through primary blue or primary green. The viewing filters are not necessarily primary filters. but should correspond to a portion of the primary color in each case.

Thus, an original painting created with artists colors including fluorescent ingredients to compensate for deficiencies in their reflecting powers together with the two patches according to the invention gives a combination which permits even a worker unskilled in color correction to produce accurate color separation negatives for photo-mechanical reproduction processes. These patches remove most of the need for the gray and colored step tablets often used in this connection and the tedious density measurements associated therewith. The rest of this need can be practically entirely eliminated by adding to this combination a third patch which is dark blue-green in. color and by photographic measurement has densities to the primary colors equal respectively to the lowest neutral densities which reproduce as a solid tone in the corresponding subtractive colors in a correctly color-balanced half-tone reproduction of the original. This extra patch acts as a check on color balance and correct color balance is obtained when this patch reproduces as a solid in all three color printing plates.

Thus, both correct color balance and the correct amount of color correction is checked merely by matching the visual colors or the photographic effective densities of various pairs of patches.

Thus, the color balance control patch itself constitutes a sub-combination with the preferred form of copy board.

In actual practice the non-fluorescent patches are not necessarily absolutely non-fluorescent but may have a low fluorescence, The term non-fluorescent is here used to include all patches which are practically non-fluorescent.

The advantages of various embodiments of the invention will be understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawing in which:

Fig. 1 is a copyboard incorporating the in-- of color balance and color correction was determined from fluorescent gray, blue-green, yellow. and magenta step tablets 2, 3, I, and 5 respectively mounted on the copyboard adjacent to the original. Accurate control using such step tablets requires density measurements of the original and of every color separation negative or positive made. Indicia in the form of crosses I aid in registration of the color separations in the well-known 'way.

According to the invention, a color correction control patch 9 is mounted adjacent to a white area of the mount 6. In the drawing, the mount 6 consists entirely of a white card and hence no special white area is indicated. The patch 9 is fluorescent and the white card adjacent thereto constitutes the non-fluorescent patch to be matched with the patch 9 in accordance with the invention. Actually the white card fiuoresces very slightly but this is so small that its effect is negligible or can be compensated for by increasing the fluorences of. the fluorescent patch. In any case, the term non-fluorescent" is intended to cover any patch such as the white card which for the purpose of the present invention is practically non-fluorescent.

In reproducing the original I, it is desirable to make each of the color separation negatives by a single exposure and hence the source of illumination must contain the correct ratio of ultraviolet, green and blue light, etc. Inspection of the sketch or original I itself through the primary color filters or measurements of densities in the color separation negatives gives some information, but neither constitues an accurate method of judging whether the separations are overcorrected or undercorrected. The color correction control patch 9 provides means whereby the proportion of ultra-violet to visible light may be accurately judged. This color control patch strongly absorbs one portion of the spectrum for example blue and green and has a strong fluorescence in this absorbed region, that is, it has a strong blue and green fluorescence when illuminated by ultra-violet light. When viewed either directly or through a suitable green or blue filter, this paint exactly matches the white area adjacent thereto if the proportion of ultra-violet to green and blue light respectively is correct.

Several variations of this simple arrangement are possible. As a first embodiment, the patch 9 may comprise a paint which has the same density as the white area adjacent thereto when properly illuminated and when photographed through primary color filters, i. e. the two patches may match in density in the separation negatives. This same patch should match the white area visually in color when viewed through a green filter or through a blue filter.

By way of example, I have found that a paint comprising 0.1 part by weight of Fanchon yellow, 0.2 part Process red, Lewis Roberts dry pigment, and 3.5 parts chrysene containing 0.15 per cent naphthacene, when made up in a suitable vehicle such as ten parts of an aqueous solution of gum arabic containing small amounts of phenol, glycerine and Darvan or other dispersing agents is quite satisfactory. In ordinary light, this patch has a light pink color, but under the correct quality of fiuoro-activating light matches a white background when measured photographically through the primary color filters or when viewed through a green combination of Wratten filter 8 and Coming filter 503 or aesavso through a blue combination of Wratten fl1ter'2A, Wratten filter 35 and Coming filter 503.

Although this embodiment has many advantages over any of those to be described, it is a little difiicult to use because of the high density of the blue filter combination mentioned. A second embodiment of the invention increases the violet fluorescence of the patch by adding chrysene containing no naphthacene. That is,

the chrysene must be recrystallized directly without adding any naphthacene, in accordance with my copending application SerialNo. 328,068,

filed April 5, 1940. With this second embodiment, a less dense blue filter may be used during visual matching. and the fluoro-activating light would have the correct quality when this patch matches the white background through this less dense filter. However, when its density is measured photographically through the primary blue filter it will appeartoo dense compared to the background. It still gives a satisfactory check photographically through a primary green'filter.

A third embodiment of the invention has a 'still more powerful fluorescence by increasing the percentage of chrysene until the patch 8 matches the background 6 without any visual filters when the quality or composition ofthe light is correct. a

Since the first modification is the preferable one except for the difflculty of viewing through the dense blue filter, the following variation thereof, shown in Fig. 2, permits its use without this difliculty. Adjacent to the color patch 9 is mounted another patch ill, which additional patch I is to be compared with the patch 9 during visual examination, thus permitting direct examination or the use of a very light filter. On the other hand, the patch 9 would be compared with the background 6 in the color separation negatives. Thus, the patches 9 and I0 and the background 6 comprise three areas which when illuminated by light of the proper quality are such that two of the patches match visually in color and two of the patches match photographically in density.

Since the patch 9 made up in accordance with the first embodiment has a light pink color when viewed either by white light or by fluoro-activating light the intensity of the fluorescent light is not sumcient to complement the pink color fully 'so as to make the patch appear white. Therefore, the auxiliary patch in must also have a light pink or yellow color as it is only the blue fluorescence which is visually weak., That is, without having any fluorescent pigments incorporated therein, the patch l0 must have the same color as the patch 9 under the correct.

quality of fluoro-activating light. In ordinary white light, the patch it appears a lighter pink than the patch 9. In any of these embodiments the ratio of the amount of pigment to the amount of fluorescent material is proportional to R where R is the desired ratio of ultra-violet (fluor-activating wave lengths) to visible light. The proportionality factor depends on the efflciency of the fluorescent material and on the hue of the filter, if any, which is to be used for viewing, i. e. to restrict the visible light.

The combinationpf any of these embodiments of this invention with a second color patch 8 which is to permit the control of the color balance in the separation negatives, provides a copyboard which permits easy and direct control of color separation negatives without the maximum density) in all three printing plates,

I and red filters.

should be equal for all three colors.

ing along with the color correction control patch 9, this color balance control patch 8 whose color is a very dark blue-green which by photographic measurement has densities to the primary colors equal respectively to the lowest neutral density reproduces as a solid tone of the corresponding subtractive color in a correctly color-balanced reproduction of the original 5. This lowest neutral density is determined for any process by actual measurements on a non-fluorescent gray tablet, but having once been so determined the gray scale need not be tested again in this connection except possibly as a check on the process. It happens that correct color balance will be obtained in the above-mentioned process described in the Murray patents if in the three color plates (yellow, magenta, and blue-green) a solid tone corresponds to densities of 1.12, 1.08, and 1.28 respectively in a non-fluorescent gray scale associated with the original. The patch 9 is made up to have these particular densities when measured respectively through blue, green A brief consideration of the mathematics involved .wlll show that the correct color balance will be obtained if thispatch reproduces as a solid (in halftones a solid is the In all negatives and positives, the difierence in density between this patch 8 and the white background may be taken as the density range and The patch itself will be a very dark bluish green in color and will normally reproduce as a dark brown. Thus, patches 8 and 9 (and possibly I0) and the background 6 provide all the control that is required in routine copying, eliminating the need for the step tablets 2, 3, 4 and 5 and the tedious density measurements associated therewith. That is, the three patches are sufiicient control for most purposes although a non-fluorescent gray step tablet may sometimes be; required in checking ,parts) Milori blue (ten parts) Fanchon'yellow (two parts) Titanox (ten parts) in a suitable vehicle such as 30 per cent aqueous solution of gum arabic (thirty parts).

Having thus described the various embodiments of my invention, I wish to point out that it is not limited to any specific one of these,

but is of the scope of the appended claims.

What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. The combination of an original painting created with artists colors including fluorescent ingredients to compensate for deficiencies in their reflecting powers, a support for the original, a non-fluorescent light area on the support to one side of the original and a strongly fluorescent patch which strongly absorbs from light incident thereon the color which it fluoresces also on the support adjacent to the non-fluorescent area, the original requiring a certain quality of fiuoroactivating light for correct photo-mechanical reproduction and the visual color of the fluorescent patch matching that of the non-fluorescent area over .at least a substantial portion of the spectrum only when illuminated by light of said certain quality.

2. The combination according to claim 1 in which the non-fluorescent area is white.

3. The combination of an original painting created with artists colors including'fluorescent ingredients to compensate for deficiencie in their reflecting powers, a support for the original, two non-fluorescent areas on the support to one side of the original one of said areas being light and the other of a different color and a strongly fluorescent patch which strongly absorbs from light incident thereon the color which it fluoresces also on the support adjacent to the non-fluorescent areas, the original requiring a* certain quality of fluoro-activating light for correct photo-mechanical reproduction, the visual color of the fluorescent patch matching that of the light non-fluorescent area over at least a substantial portion of the spectrum only when illuminated by light of said certain quality and the fluorescent patch matching the other non--. fluorescent area when so illuminated and photographed through a primary color filter.

, 2 4. The combination of an original painting area, the original requiring a certain quality 01 fluoro-activating light for correct photo-mechanical reproduction and the visual color of the fluorescent patch matching that of the nonfluorescent area over at least a substantial perof the spectrum only when illuminated by light of said certain quality.

6. The combination according to claim 5 in which the copyboard is a non-fluorescent white card part of which constitutes said non-fluorescent area.

7. A copyboard having an area adapted to hold an original painting created with artists"colors including fluorescent ingredients to compensate for deficiencies in their reflecting powers and requiring a certain quality of fluoro-activating light for correct photomechanical reproduction, in combination with two non-fluorescent areas on the board to one side of the painting area, one oi? said non-fluorescent areas being light and the other of a different color and a strongly fluorescent patch, which strongly absorbs from the light incident thereon the color which it fluoresces. also on the board adjacent toflthe nonfluorescent areas, the visualcolor of the fluorescent patch matching that of the light non-fluorescent area over at least a substantial portion 01' the spectrum only when illuminated by light or said certain quality and the fluorescent patch 5 matching the other non-fluorescent area when so illuminated and photographed through a primary color fllter.

8. A'copyboard having an area adapted to hold an original painting created with artists colors including fluorescent ingredients to compensate for deficiencies in their reflecting powers and tion of the spectrum only when illuminated by 40 light of said certain quality and a second color patch also on the support to one side of the original, which second patch is dark blue-green and by photographic measurement has densities through the primary color fllters equal respectively to the lowest neutral density which repro duces as a solid tone in the corresponding subtractive color in a correctly color-balanced half tone reproduction or the original. e

5. A copyboard having an area adapted to hold requiring a certain quality of fluoro-activating light for correct photomechanicalreproduction, in combination with a non-fluorescent light area on the board to one side of the painting area and a strongly fluorescent patch, which strongly absorbs from light incident thereon the color which it fluoresces, also on the copyboard adjacent to the non-fluorescent area, the visual color of the fluorescent patch matching that of the non-fluorescent area over at least a substantial portion of the spectrum only when illuminated by light of said certain quality, and a second color patch also on the copyboard to one side of the painting, area, which second patch is dark blue-green and by photographic measurement has densities through the primary color fllters equal respectively to the lowest neutral density which reproduces as a solid tone in the corresponding subtractive color in a correctly colorbalanced halftone reproduction of the original.

9. A color-balance-control patch for a copyboard having an area adapted to hold an original painting created with artists colors including fluorescent ingredients to compensate for deficiencies in their reflecting powers, which patch is dark blue-green and by photographic measurement has densities through the primary color filters equal respectively to the lowest neutral density which reproduces as a solid tone in the corresponding subtractive color in a correctly color-balanced hali'tone reproduction of the original.

JOHN A. C. YULE. 

